Original Author – Dr. Brian Whipker N.C. State Extension

History of the Poinsettia

The poinsettia has a long history of cultivation starting with the Aztecs in Mexico. The poinsettia is called cuetlaxochitl by Native Americans and this woody shrub to small tree is native to the tropical areas of southern Mexico and Central America.

Early Cultural Uses

The Aztecs made a reddish dye from the bracts and a medicinal preparation from the latex. It was widely cultivated in gardens.

Poinsettias like Luv U Soft Pink demonstrate how selective breeding has created a wide range of beautiful colors. The vibrant pink bracts, often mistaken for petals, are actually modified leaves that make the plant so visually striking. © NC State University 2017

In the 17th century, Franciscan priests began using the flower in the Fiesta of Santa Pesebre nativity procession. Since the plant flowered naturally during the Christmas season, it became readily linked with the holiday.

Its Introduction to the United States

The poinsettia was introduced to the United States in 1825 by Joel Poinsett, the first U.S. ambassador to Mexico. The name poinsettia is derived from his name. The botanical name for the poinsettia is Euphorbia pulcherrima.

Development of Commercial Cultivation

Albert Ecke began growing poinsettias as a cut flower after moving to Hollywood in 1906 and starting a cut flower farm. After moving to Encinitas, CA, the Ecke family focused on field grown poinsettia mother plants, which were shipped throughout the country via railroad box cars.

Modern Breeding Programs

According to the University of Colorado, active breeding of the poinsettia began in the 1950s to develop cultivars that would retain their leaves and bracts for a longer period. Early breeding efforts included those of Mikkelsen of Ohio (Mikkelsen series), the Heggs of Norway (Hegg series), as well as those of the Ecke family (Eckespoint series). The Fischer family, a German breeder, has also contributed many cultivars to the poinsettia tradition. These breeding programs focused on stronger stems, leaf and bract retention, multiple branching, earlier blooming, and color variation.

The Poinsettia Field Day in a Raulston Arboretum greenhouse showcases the incredible diversity of cultivars available now. Through decades of breeding, horticulturists have enhanced color, branching, and longevity, making these plants a staple of holiday celebrations. © NC State University 2017

Poinsettia Care Tips for the Holiday Season

Poinsettias are an easy to care for flowering plant that should last for the entire Christmas holiday season with a few basic suggestions.

White poinsettias like Princettia Pure White showcase how breeders have expanded the classic holiday palette. © NC State University 2017

Light and Temperature Needs for Poinsettias

Place the plants in a well-lit location. Poinsettias generally do best at the same temperatures that most people keep their homes in the winter (60 to 68°F). Cold temperatures below 55°F will damage these tropical plants.

Watering Guidelines for Poinsettias

Water when needed, which is usually when the surface of the potting soil feels dry, but the plant still feels a bit heavy when picked up. If the plants dry out too much, they will lose their lower leaves. Drying out is probably the main reason plants die early in the home. For best results, the foil or plastic wrapper should be removed from the pot to promote proper drainage. Use a catch basin to contain excess water that may drain from the pot.

Care Tips for you Poinsettia Year-Round

In a good location with proper care, many homeowners report that their plants will last until spring. Poinsettias will continue to grow year-round, but plants will require some heavy pruning in the spring and routine care during the year. To keep your plant healthy year-round, follow these tips:

1. Place the plant where it receives sun for at least six hours each day but shade during hot afternoons and evenings.
2. Avoid temperatures below 55°F and above 75°F and hot or cold drafts which may cause leaves to drop.
3. Keep soil moist, watering when the surface feels dry or the pot feels light when picked up. Discard excess water from the drainage tray so that the plant does not sit in water.
4. Once flowering is finished, fertilizing occasionally with an all-purpose fertilizer will help keep your poinsettia healthy and promote new growth throughout the year.
5. Around April, cut back stems to about 4–6 inches to promote new growth. Repot if needed.
6. In October, poinsettias need 12–14 hours of darkness each night to trigger blooming. Place the plant in a dark closet or cover it from evening until morning for about 6–8 weeks to help it bring out its bright colors again.

Premier Jingle Bells features a stunning mix of red and pink splotches. These splotches are created through selective breeding, highlighting the genetic and horticultural innovation behind modern cultivars. © NC State University 2017

Additional Resources for Poinsettia Growing

If you would like to learn more about growing poinsettias and the nursery industry, then visit the N.C. State Extension Poinsettia Web Portal.

For more information on this and related subjects, you can contact Daniel Simpson at Daniel_simpson@ncsu.edu or 252-745-4121.